The Union and Decline (16th – 17th Century)
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Facing pressure from Moscow, the two nations signed the Union of Lublin in 1569, forming a federative state. Lithuania kept its own laws, army, and treasury but became increasingly Polonized.
Cultural Hub: Vilnius University was founded in 1579, becoming a leading center of education in Eastern Europe.
The Deluge: In the mid-17th century, invasions by Russia and Sweden devastated the country, leading to the first-ever capture and looting of Vilnius by a foreign army.
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