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The vaccine being given to Palestinian children in Gaza is nOPV2, that is, novel
oral polio vaccine, focusing on type 2 polio. Prior oral vaccines have been
problematic. They contain attenuated (weakened) polio virus. This can be
problematic since, as The Journal of Infectious Diseases noted in 2013: "With
prolonged replication, attenuated polioviruses used in oral polio vaccine (OPV)
can mutate into vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) and cause poliomyelitis
[polio] outbreaks."

OPV was typically given in poorer countries. In rich counties like the US, what
has been given is IPV which is made with inactive polio virus and given
intramuscularly (an injection), not orally.

According to the Polio Global Eradication Initiative (whose partners include the
WHO, CDC and the Gates Foundation), the outbreak in Gaza is from
Egypt. Curiously, the Initiative claims "the variant poliovirus could have been
introduced in Gaza as early as September 2023" - that is, prior to Oct. 7. The
Egyptian polio outbreak according to a recent article in BMC Infectious Diseases
came from a "vaccine-derived polioviruses". That is, the outbreak now in Gaza
appears, according to these sources, to be the result of the negative effects of
polio vaccines given in Egypt which mutated.

...

Perhaps most ominously however, it may be problematic to give attenuated oral
polio vaccine to a population that is immunocompromised - which most certainly
includes the Palestinians in Gaza. They desperately need food and clean water
and basic medical care. A host of diseases are ravaging Gaza and reportedly,
100,000 people in Gaza have contracted acute jaundice syndrome, or suspected
hepatitis A. From Options for Poliomyelitis Vaccination in the United States:
"Those in whom OPV is contraindicated include individuals with immunodeficiency
disorders... The risk of VAPP [Vaccine-Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis] in
immunodeficient children is 3,000 times that in normal children."